Ethics of Animal Testing - 754 Words

Ethics of Animal Testing For my paper I chose the topic of animal testing because I have always been very passionate for animals and against animal abuse. I have never believed in animal testing and that there were always other alternatives. I wanted to look further into and educate myself about what is being done about this and why it is an ethical issue. I have come up with an axiom to summarize this topic. Testing animals in research revolves around the relative or moral value of humans and animals, and many different viewpoints helped to contribute to the development of ethical principles of animal treatment. The use of animals in research, teaching and testing is an important ethical and political issue. Much of the discussion about this issue revolves around the relative value, often referred to as moral value, of humans and animals. How do you decide what is right when the needs of animals and humans come into conflict? It’s really difficult to make a moral decision when so many people have different morals regarding this topic (Animal testing and ethics). In today’s society, there is a wide spectrum of views on this subject. There are people who are with animal rights, and people who view animals only as a resource to be exploited. All of these viewpoints have contributed to the development of ethical principles of animal use. Because of these views, we now have different organizations such as AAALAC,AALAS and the AVMA (Animal testing and ethics).The positiveShow MoreRelatedThe Ethics Of Animal Testing1534 Words   |  7 Pagessucceed in many areas, but has also damaged the basic ethics and morals in some of us. Today on television, we see the over dramatized body spray commercials or a famous celebrity advertising their favorite shampoo and stating its claims, but what most do not know is that a couple or couple hundred, animals were killed to approve, by law, of that product. This act is called animal testing, which is the method or experiment that forces an animal to go through any harm or distress (Thew). I do not agreeRea d MoreThe Ethics Of Animal Testing1299 Words   |  6 PagesMrs. ------ English 11 11 June 2017 Animal Testing Animal testing dates back all the way to Greek physician scientists like Aristotle and Erasistratus. Greek scientist conducted experiments to understand the anatomy, physiology, pathology, and pharmacology just like our scientists do today. The moral ethics of animal testing has always been questioned, but many cures and treatments have been found due to animal testing discoveries. Animal testing is necessary for humankind s overall wellRead MoreThe Ethics Of Animal Testing3440 Words   |  14 PagesChapter 1 – Agree with animal experiments 3 Introduction 3 Safety 3 Great contribution of animal experiments 5 Chapter 2 – Against Animal experiments 7 Introduction 7 Experiment animals have rights 7 Scientific Limitations of Using Animals 10 Conclusion 12 Reference 13 Table of figures Figure 1 – Chimpanzees are trained to be astronauts. 6 Figure 2 – monkey cages covered with waste and feces 8 Figure 3 – disabled monkeys 9 â€Æ' Introduction Animal experiments or laboratory animal science have been aRead MoreEssay on Animal Testing Ethics646 Words   |  3 PagesAnimal Testing Ethics Is animal testing right or wrong? No one has really answered that so far. Everyone has their own opinion about it. I personally think that if we are not abusing the testing it should be allowed. I dont think it is necessary to test animals for every little thing that goes on the market but sure why not when it relates to a life or death thing like cancer. How else would we make sure the medications wouldn’t kill us? Safety tests are conductedRead MoreThe Ethics Of Animal Testing2235 Words   |  9 Pagesâ€Å"With all things being equal, the simplest explanation tends to be the right one† (William of Ockham). Animals generally are used to be tested on by researchers for a various amount of reasons. Researchers and scientists worldwide, are determined to find solutions to finding cures to diseases, and any other consumer products that include cosmetic products, that humans use. The term FDA (Food Drug Administration) was created in the year of 1906, by Theodore Roosevelt and Harvey Washington WileyRead MoreThe Ethics Of Animal Testing On Cosmetic Products2035 Words   |  9 Pagesout in hives and a rash. What did you do wrong? You assume that all the products you used were safe because you bought it in the store, but was it thoroughly and properly tested to the extent of use? Most consumers are concerned with the ethics of animal testing on cosmetic products. But, are they aware o f the accuracy of these tests? And are there other advanced options? Cosmetics are not limited to women’s make-up. They include face creams, baby oils, skin care products, deodorants, lotionsRead MoreEssay The Ethics of Medical Animal Testing1941 Words   |  8 Pageshuman race comes before any other consideration. This is the justification for the use of nonhuman animal testing in medicine. Of course this argument brings issues into play that are both ethical and professional and need exploring before a definitive answer can be given. The Rights of â€Å"Lesser Life Forms† Animals have rights. This is a statement that very few people will disagree with. Animal cruelty as an end unto itself (i.e. for entertainment) is just wrong. Short of being a sociopath IRead MoreThe Ethics of Animal Testing for Vaccine Development and Potential Alternatives 1983 Words   |  8 PagesAnimal testing is important to ensure the safety of a variety of products, specifically pharmaceuticals, vaccines, and medical devices used for surgery and other treatments. It has also been used throughout history for various purposes. Once an unregulated practice, today there are laws, regulations, and requirements associated with the ethical use of animal models. In the United States, animal studies are now required before moving on to clinical trials. Legalities aside, controversy still arisesRead MoreCost-Benefit Analysis Of The Ethics Of Animal Testing1606 Words   |  7 Pagesconsideration† view that all animals, including humans, have the same right to not suffer or b e harmed. A cost-benefit analysis justifying these types of experiments should be used to evaluate the appropriateness of using animals for the research. The United Kingdom has adopted this perspective calling for a complete ban on all experiments that cause more harm to the animals than would be of benefit to humans. The United Kingdom has historically been a leader in terms of regulating animal research and has bannedRead MoreAnimal Experimentation And Biomedical Ethics Essay1738 Words   |  7 PagesAnimal activists and scientists experience ongoing conflict between animal experimentation and biomedical ethics. Animal testing is one of the oldest methods of experimentation. In the 1980s, the animal rights movement and the argument surrounding the ethics came under fire. As a result of this movement, the experimental procedures became public, giving more incentive to the activists and momentum to their cause. The ethics of animal experimentation come into question in everything f rom beauty products

The Organization Of Trade Unions - 1514 Words

Introduction In a company the employers and employees, two basic elements are already able to form an employment relationship: the employer purchases the labor from employees and pay them reward, and the employees offer their labor to exchange for reward. The trade unions serve as the third participant of this employment relation, and it keeps a direct relation with both the employees and employers will exert a mediating function often between them. Generally, the emergence of trade unions not only enriches the employment relation, but also plays an important role to in creating a more health relation and maintains the stability of the relation. The radical purpose of the existence of trade unions is to help guarantee the legal rights and welfare of employees. It can help the employees to accomplish some works which are not easy to be done by employees themselves. Since it is beneficial, it is supposed to see that many employees have make good utilization of it, but quite a number of employees st ill lacks the awareness and skills of making response to trade unions for employees. If they know that, their welfare will acquire greater extent of guarantee. Two theories of employment relation In this essay, the employees are defined as the crowd of people that use their labor to exchange for salary. One mainstream viewpoint views the employees as a kind of economic men. (Kaufman, 2004) The action of employees is extremely rational and it assumes that all the behaviors ofShow MoreRelatedEffects of Trade Unions on an Organization1272 Words   |  6 PagesTOPIC: ACTIVITIES OF TRADE UNIONS AND THEIR EFFECTIVENESS 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY For several years white settlers were able to sabotage all efforts of permiting the growth of trade unions.The colonial government attitude towards thetrade unions in kenya was for sometime very hostile because of the belief that trade union activities meant violence,rioting and communism.Until 1955,the kenya government was fighting against the building of a trade union and only in that yearRead MoreImpact of Trade Union on the Performance of Organization6858 Words   |  28 Pagesamount can be spent on the workers for training and vocational education. 1.2 Objective of the study: The main objective of the study is to know the reasons behind the labor unrest, activities of Trade union and their impact on the organizations performance. Our main goal is to know why Trade Unions are being acting in such destructive way in Bangladesh because of remuneration or work environment, conditions, hours etc. To compare the satisfaction level of the employees we went into two companiesRead MoreEast Asian Union : The World Trade Organization1468 Words   |  6 PagesEast Asian Union Since the last century, each country had begun to understand the importance of the cooperation. Consequently, The European Union [EU] was established in November 1, 1993. After that, other European countries became the member of the EU to promote the development of the whole Europe. Currently, the US, the only superpower country in this planet, is still looking for the assistance with the EU and Japan, South Korea and etc. The establishment of the World Bank, the World Trade OrganizationRead MoreThe European Union And Domestic Legal Systems And The World Trade Organization1506 Words   |  7 Pagesinterfere with their judicial functions. Finally, I want to introduce an Appeal Tribunal. Just like in domestic legal systems and the World Trade Organization.† (Malmstrom) This change in the appointment of judges could mean that the public opinion in a case could be more weighted by shifting the power from the companies to the international system. The European Union brings the reforms on ISDS as a solution to a system that was broken. But, there is much discussion about the necessity of a frameworkRead MoreRelationship Between The European Union ( Eu ) And The North Atlantic Trade Organization3273 Words   |  14 Pagesbetween the European Union (EU) and the North Atlantic Trade Organization (NATO). With the globalization of security concerns and with the series of major terrorist attacks beginning on September 11, 2001, cooperation between these two major powers is becoming increasingly important and hotly debated. In this day and age international security is of the utmost importance. The world leaders in international security are the North Atlantic Trade Organization (NATO) and the European Union (EU). This paperRead MoreImpact Of National Industrial Law And Regulation On The Botswana Public Service1249 Words   |  5 Pagesindustrial relations in the Botswana public service? Introduction The issues of industrial relations come from the early times. Today, these issues form part of the day to day management activities within private, public and all other types of organizations. Week in week cases are made at industrial courts that related employer employee relations matters. The statutory instruments such as industrial relations laws, dispute acts, public service acts, disciplinary hearing procedures, processes andRead MoreThe Concept of Intra-Union Conflict1572 Words   |  7 Pagesconcept of intra-union conflict is not much different from that of intra-group or intra-organizational conflict. However, before we delve into that argument, it is essential that we consider an authoritative view of the subject matter from the International Labour Organization (ILO). The ILO (2006) states that ‘Conflicts within the trade union movement’ is â€Å"A matter involving no dispute between the government and the trade unions, but which involves a conflict within the trade union movement itselfRead MoreEmployment Relationship Is Essential For Organizational Growth And Reputation1436 Words   |  6 PagesThe International Labor Organization (2015) defines employment relationship as a legal linkage between employees and employers that develops as an individual performs certain task within a given circumstance in exchange of remuneration. It has also been argued that employment relationships generate certain rights and obligations that are applicable on both employees and employers. The organization further points that the very existence of employment relationship forms fundamental condition for determinationRead MoreLabor Unions615 Words   |  3 PagesLabor Unions University of Phoenix MGT434: Employment Law Scott Dunlap February 7, 2008 Labor organizations or unions are formed by employees who want better wages, benefits, and healthy working conditions. Over the years, participation in unions has declined regardless of the benefits it offers. There are less strikes and better wages in the United States which in turn does not warrant the high need for these types of organizations in the work place. Labor unions today compared to in theRead MoreThe World Organizational And Industrial System Essay1701 Words   |  7 Pagesorganizational and industrial system. Looking at the premises of the organizational management and theoretical bases of industrialization, many scholars and indeed critics are of the view that it is organization centered concept. That is, it pays much emphasis on the efficient and goal attainment of the organization. This led to emergence of neoliberals in the sphere of industrialization which is capital centre policy that enrich the bourgeoisies- the company and industries owners; and make the poor to grow

Special Education Needs free essay sample

I will also write about the medical and social model, what they are and how they relate to SEN, I will then write about the SEN Code of Practice and special educational needs coordinators and touch upon the 1987 Warnock report. The definition of SEN according to the 1996 Education act is, a child has special educational needs if he/she has a learning difficulty which calls for special educational requirements to be made for them (Farrell, 2003). A child is said to have a learning difficulty if they have a considerably greater struggle in learning than most children of the same age and they have a disability which prevents or stops from making full use of their educational facilities provided for children of the same age in schools within the area of the local educational authority (Farrell, 2003). I have chosen to discuss how the education support has changed for children suffering from the autistic spectrum disorder. The word ‘Autism’ first came about in 1911 by a Swiss Dr named Eugen Bleuler (Freedman, 2009) the term was based on the Greek word ‘autos’ meaning self; the actual disorder he was referring to was schizophrenia. Autism was later identified in 1943 by Dr Leo Kanner (Freedman, 2009) he believed mental and biological element played a key role in autism. Autistic spectrum disorders are usually present from birth or early stages of development (NRC, 2001). Autism is a disability that affects how someone communicates and interacts with others (Brill, 2008). The disability arises due to problems in the nervous system; which is made up of the brain, spinal cord, and a network of nerves that permits us to move, think, and sense the world (Brill, 2008); how an individual with autism learns and develops will depend on how the nervous system interacts with the environment around them (Brill, 2008). Autism affects vital human behaviours e. g. social interaction, the ability to communicate ideas and feelings, imagination, and the ability to form close bonds and feelings (NRC, 2001). Children with autism look physically normal however they display a series of behaviours that are autism related (Brill, 2008); doctors usually identify autism by looking at a variety of signs that point to the condition and how it affects the way the person learns and develops; the signs can be mild or severe depending on the child as we are all different (Brill, 2008). Autistic disorders usually have long lasting effects on how children are as social beings, how they learn to look after their selves and participate in their community (NRC, 2001). A range of autistic behaviours is called autism spectrum disorder; at one end of the spectrum is Asperger syndrome which is the mildest form of autism those with the disorder function more self-reliantly unlike those with more severe autism (Brill, 2008) children with Asperger tend to speak by the time they are age four but their voices usually lack emotion. Children with Asperger normally have some trouble interacting with their peers (Brill, 2008). Asperger sufferers tend to test well but lack common sense; experts believe that Asperger is a different disability to autism (Brill, 2008). The most severe the type of autism the more it affects your learning and behaviour to the point that in some cases it can cause mental retardation which greatly slows the learning and progress of a young child (Brill, 2008). Many of those with autism have difficulties handling information through their senses; they usually hear, feel or see too much or too little arriving material which causes them to either under or over react (Brill, 2008). Some common signs of children suffering from autism are they tend to withdraw and become silent or unresponsive, they throw tantrums to block out smells, sounds, touch and sights which they find disturbing (Brill, 2008) and they take longer to reach the common stages of childhood e. g. walking and talking; autism halts normal progression (Brill, 2008). The autistic spectrum sometimes occurs along with mental retardation and language disorders therefore educational planning must address both autistic needs and the needs associated with accompanying disabilities (Brill, 2008). By the 1960’s autism was finally identified as a disorder of its own; in 1965, Dr O. Ivar Lovas and colleagues at a university developed a treatment for autism called applied behaviour of analysis (ABA) (Freedman, 2009); ABA is the use of techniques and principles to bring about a good change in behaviour (Freedman, 2009). ABA focuses on the principles that explains how learning takes place e. g. through positive reinforcement; if good behaviour is followed by a reward the behaviour is more likely to be repeated. This technique could be used not only in the classroom but at home by parents (Freedman, 2009). ABA has become a very popular and widely known treatment for autism through the years especially through the last decade where it has been used to help autistic people lead normal and productive lives. Another popular treatment for autism was discovered in the 1990s by Drs Serna Wieder and Stanley Greenspan called floortime which was based on brain research that showed human development is built on interactions with others (Freedman, 2009) in contrast to ABA which aims to change behaviour, floortime concentrates on improving social skills, imagination and emotional abilities. When discussing SEN we must touch upon the issue of labelling; there are both positive and negative aspects to labelling an autistic child. Some positives are it leads to the child getting the treatment and specialist help they need (Lauchlan, Boyle) , it raises awareness and the understanding of autism and it helps in supporting the families and children with autism by giving them more details about their condition (Lauchlan, Boyle) . Some negatives to labelling are it can sometimes lead to bullying by peers and the use of bad language to describe those with autism, which can sometimes lead to devastating consequences and it can make children with autism feel inferior to typically developing children (Lauchlan, Boyle). Labelling can also lead to social disadvantage and exclusion from mainstream society and also some people with disabilities use their impairment as an excuse or scapegoat for things they find difficult. The use of labels are useful to special educational needs children as if they were dropped it would mean that the specialist help they require would no longer be available to them as they would be given the same workload and support as typically developing children so labelling benefits more than hurts them. The SEN Code of Practice was made to give necessary advice and help to the LEA, schools, social services, and early education setting on how best to provide the help for children with disabilities (DfES, 2001). The Education act 1993 placed a duty on the secretary of state to issue a Code of Practice and make compulsory changes to it every few years. The first Code of Practice was written in 1994; schools, health, social services and settings must abide by the SEN Code of Practice (DfES, 2001) and although the Code of Practice does not tell professionals how to react or deal with every individual situation it advises and guides them on how best to deal with the situation (DfES, 2001). In 2001 the Code of Practice was revised; more rules were added e. g. more rights for children with SEN educated in mainstream schools, the LEA must offer parents more information help and advice on how best to give their child the best education and schools and early years settings must give each other more support (DfES, 2001). During the 1960’s people with autism were still very much viewed as ‘not normal’ this was not helped by the medical model (TOU, 2006). The medical model defines those with disabilities by their impairments.

The Soundtrack of My Life Essay Example For Students

The Soundtrack of My Life Essay My name is Marian _______________. I am a person who loves all kinds of music, especially romantic. I grew up in a free and healthy environment. My hometown of Ciego de Avila, Cuba is a place full of gentle and friendly people, where I used to listen loud music without bothering my neighbors. After I spent almost nineteen years of my life in that place, I moved to Florida, United States. Nowadays, I am living with my husband and my daughter in a beautiful house full of love. I present this soundtrack to you as an important part of what my life has been. We will write a custom essay on The Soundtrack of My Life specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Each song was carefully selected to express and explain different events in my past five years. Likewise, I think this assignment will help me look deep inside me. Analyzing prudently each track will also change my perspective of life. I want to become a better person and be successful in college. I want to have a greater life. By completing this project, I hope to find correct ways to solve problems and not only expect to become an excellent critical tinker, but also I want my voice to be heard. I have only one life, and I want to live it to the fullest till the end. In the past five years of my life I have had not only many falls, but also many ups. One of those ups was when I saw him again, my perfect man, the love of my life, the father of my daughter. All started in the airport while I waited for my mother. My father and I invited some old friends of the family to give my mom a great welcome. Suddenly, I looked to the big open door and there he was. This time he was more handsome and attractive than last time. Can you imagine almost four years without seeing him? While my hands were shaking and sweating, he approached and my heart exploded. At that moment, I realized that I wanted to be with him for the rest of my life. I chose the beautiful song I am alive from a talented singer as Celine Dion is, to be the first song of my soundtrack, because it significantly explains the way I feel when he is around me. In her lyrics, Celine Dion says When I hear you breathe, I get wings to fly, I fell that I am alive He makes me feel exactly the way this singer describes it in her song. Today, we have been together for five years; and it ´s only begun, I can ´t wait for the rest of my life As a product of that love, our beautiful little Melanie was born. At the beginning no one accepted my pregnancy, because I was too young and still studying; however, over the time, our family understood the decision we made. After the longest nine months of my life, finally my little miracle of life come true. That is why I chose Miracle as the second song of my soundtrack, and it is performed also by Celine Dion. It has a huge meaning for me because it reminds me those days when I hold my daughter in my arms for the first time. She is the most magnificent person God could ever give me. As the performer says in her lyrics, Only God creates such a perfect love. It is so difficult for me to describe that sensation; I felt like the most beautiful feeling inside my heart. This song reached my soul, and it took my breath away. In one of her verses, Celine Dion says I never knew a love like this till you, and she is right. Life is no longer about me; now, life is all about her. She is my miracle of life. But in life, not everything is happiness or perfection, and as other relationships, I have had problems too. Which one? Parents in law; that is how I define my problem. .u04c84daa01a6b231a05580ffa5191c8e , .u04c84daa01a6b231a05580ffa5191c8e .postImageUrl , .u04c84daa01a6b231a05580ffa5191c8e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u04c84daa01a6b231a05580ffa5191c8e , .u04c84daa01a6b231a05580ffa5191c8e:hover , .u04c84daa01a6b231a05580ffa5191c8e:visited , .u04c84daa01a6b231a05580ffa5191c8e:active { border:0!important; } .u04c84daa01a6b231a05580ffa5191c8e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u04c84daa01a6b231a05580ffa5191c8e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u04c84daa01a6b231a05580ffa5191c8e:active , .u04c84daa01a6b231a05580ffa5191c8e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u04c84daa01a6b231a05580ffa5191c8e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u04c84daa01a6b231a05580ffa5191c8e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u04c84daa01a6b231a05580ffa5191c8e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u04c84daa01a6b231a05580ffa5191c8e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u04c84daa01a6b231a05580ffa5191c8e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u04c84daa01a6b231a05580ffa5191c8e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u04c84daa01a6b231a05580ffa5191c8e .u04c84daa01a6b231a05580ffa5191c8e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u04c84daa01a6b231a05580ffa5191c8e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Different Types of popular music. EssayThey want me to do whatever they want, without realizing that I have my own opinions and different ways to solve my struggles. In addition, I am a very respectful person; therefore, I would rather stay quiet, bite my tongue and hold my breath before saying any phrase someone does not like. At that point, while I was selecting the songs for this assignment, I heard one that was strongly connected to my problem. That song is Roar by name, and it is performed by the young girl Katty Perry. After I listen to her lyrics I realized that I had a choice, that I cannot live like that anymore. Consequently, I took the decision to talk to my parents in law and speak up in the best way possible. I am not sure if they understood my point of view, but I am very proud of my own self. I guess I went from cero to my own hero To conclude, music plays a significant role in each one of our lives. As can be seen, it brings back memories of some events of the past, like mine, to remember how was my reunion with the love of my life, or when our daughter was born. On the other hand, music also influences sometimes in the decision we make. Previously, I was afraid of saying what I wanted to say, but after listening to the song, I got the strength needed to express myself. After all, I want to say thank you for taking some of your time to listen these sequence of songs. They represent an important part of my life, and I would like to conclude my project but not without saying: Live your life to the fullest and create your own dreams. Remember that dreams can come true, but only if you take the time to think about them and focus on what you have to do to achieve them.

Analytical Essay Sample on Frederick Douglass

Analytical Essay Sample on Frederick Douglass â€Å"Is life so dear or peace so sweet as to be purchased at the price of chains and slavery? Forbid it, Almighty God! I know what course others may take, but as for me, give me liberty, or give me death!† Patrick Henry, although dead before Frederick Douglass was ever born, used his words and poetically described Douglass’ life. Originally known as Frederick Bailey, he was born into slavery but lived to become Frederick Douglass and accomplish an impressive legacy. His childhood was filled with only awful memories of cruelty and inhumanity. When Frederick had learned of the significance of literacy, he educated himself and immediately planned an escape to success. He became one of the most prominent African American of the nineteenth century who represented the black minority as a successful orator, journalist, and anti-slavery leader. As a young man, he deviously escaped slavery and headed north toward freedom, or at least the closest thing to freedom for men of colo r at that time. He spoke to many people in this area, instilling the importance of eradicating human bondage. While living in the New England area, he became a great author, writing many articles for local newspapers and even composing three versions of his autobiography. During this time in his life, Mr. Douglass also campaigned for the elimination of slavery and civil rights for minorities. He became an inspiration to all and held governmental positions as he persistently worked for constitutional rights throughout his entire life. Frederick Douglass’s arduous past led to his successful influence on the abolition of slavery and effort to end racial discrimination. Frederick Douglass was born Frederick Augustus Bailey in Tuckahoe, Maryland (3, 15). He was unaware of his exact age, for he never saw any authentic records containing it (6). Supposedly his birth was around February 1818, but since many of the slaves and other siblings he grew up with had no accurate knowledge of their own age, the fact was left a mystery for his entire life (6). Several slave masters prevented the distribution of slaves’ birth dates and obstructed the ability to visit their parents as an effort to keep them ignorant and stripped from individuality (3, 25). Even if he tried, Frederick would not have been able to visit his father because he had no idea who he was (3, 26). It was known that his father was white and many rumors led Douglass to believe that he was his mother’s master, but nothing was ever certain (3, 26). However, Frederick was fully aware of who his mother was, but, unfortunately they were separated when he was an infant and were only abl e to see each other approximately five times during his childhood (3, 25). Due to this occurrence, Frederick strongly felt that â€Å"slavery made his mother a myth and his father a mystery† (6). Douglass, therefore, lived with his grandmother, Betsey Bailey until he was old enough to work (6). During this time Douglass was raised to believe that he was a special individual and was completely naÐ ¿ve to the fact that he was born a slave. Ms. Bailey repeatedly tried to instill a feeling of self-worth into her grandson by verbally reinforcing his strengths. Frederick Douglass finally reached the age when he could no longer be sheltered from the future that he was destined. At the age of six, Frederick’s grandmother had told him that they were taking a long journey, when in actuality she was bringing him into the world of slavery (8, 1). After many days of traveling westward, they approached an enormous elegant home, the Lloyd Plantation, where several children were playing on the front grounds. Ms. Bailey pointed out three of the children whom were Frederick’s brother and sisters and instructed Douglass to join his siblings (8, 1). Within five minutes of this command, his grandmother was gone along with his freedom; he now belonged to Aaron Anthony (6). At this time, Mr. Anthony was not considered a rich slaveholder, he owned only two or three farms, but still needed the help of an overseer, Mr. Plummer, to manage his plantations (2, 151). Plummer was most notable for his inhumane treatment of Anthony’s slaves (2, 1 51). Douglass recalls being awaked in the middle of the night by the high pitched shrieks of his own aunt, whom Plummer used to tie up to a pole, and whip her naked back until she was literally drenched in her own blood (2, 152). â€Å"No words, no tears, no prayers, from his gory victim, seemed to move his iron heart from its bloody purpose. The louder she screamed, the harder he whipped; and where the blood ran fastest, there he whipped the longest. He would whip her to make her scream, and whip her to make her hush; and not until overcome by fatigue, would he cease to swing the blood-clotted cow skin.†(2, 152) It was at this point Frederick reassessed his position in life and realized he could no longer work under this cruel individual and decided he would do whatever he could to get out of this terrible situation. Douglass used his natural charm and tactfulness, which many people found engaging, to become noticed and stand out from the rest of the slaves. Aaron Anthony’s daughter, Lucretia Auld, was immediately drawn to these unique characteristics and took a liking to Frederick, doing whatever was within her power to protect him (8, 2). In 1826, she informed him that he was being sent to live with her brother-in-law, Hugh Auld, to run errands and care for his infant son, Tommy (2, 168). Frederick enjoyed this easy work and grew to love the young boy (8, 2). Sophia Auld, Tommy’s mother, would frequently read aloud from the Bible and Douglass would often listen, extremely intrigued. One day, when Frederick was about ten-years-old, he asked his mistress to teach him to read and she readily consented (6). Sophia became so excited about how well the young slave was doing, she told her husband what she had done (8, 2). Hugh became enraged. It was prohibited by the state to teach a sla ve to read and felt a slave was considered â€Å"unfit† if he was competent and literate (8, 2). Mr. Auld instructed Sophia to cease the lessons immediately, but this restriction failed to hinder Frederick by any means. It was from this outburst of disapproval from his master that Frederick discovered that learning how to read and write was his pathway to freedom. Douglass adopted a plan to make friends with poor white children he met on errands and use them as teachers (2, 206). He would pay for these â€Å"lessons† with pieces of bread taken from the Auld household (8, 2). This strategy was proved to be successful by its positive results; Mr. Douglass gradually obtained the knowledge to read (2, 208). At the age of twelve, he used the little money he had earned from doing tedious errands and bought a copy of The Columbian Orator (6). This piece of literature contained a collection of speeches and essays dealing with liberty, democracy, and courage (6). Frederick was greatly affected by the speeches on freedom and began reading local newspapers to learn more about abolitionism (8, 2). His dreams of emancipation were encouraged by the example of other blacks in Baltimore, most of who were free (8, 2). However, Douglass’s imaginings were delayed because of new laws passed by southern state legislatures that made it extremely diffi cult for owners to free their slaves (8, 2). Frederick’s dreams of his own freedom and civil rights for all seemed to be put on hold. Nevertheless, Frederick would not let these new regulations impede his primary goal of attaining independence. He began to organize a Sunday religious service for slaves, which met near Saint Michael’s church every week (8, 3). It was at these congregations that blacks were schooled and plans were made for an escape to the North (6). The group planned to steal a boat, row to the northern tip of the Chesapeake Bay and flee on foot to the free state of Pennsylvania (8, 3). Unfortunately, one of Frederick’s associates had exposed the plot and a group of armed white men captured the slaves and put them in jail (8, 3). Douglass was imprisoned for about a week, when surprisingly, Thomas Auld came and released him (6). Auld promised Frederick that if he worked hard, he would be freed when he turned twenty-five, but Douglass knew better than to trust any slaveholder (8, 4). While working for Thomas, Douglass met a group of free sophisticated blacks and became a member of an edu cational association called the East Baltimore Mental Improvement Society (8, 4). It was within this party that Frederick learned his debating skills and met his future wife, Anna Murray (8, 4). After spending so much time with this assembly of free individuals, Douglass’s need for freedom was enhanced. Frederick Douglass needed money to pay for traveling expenses, so he finally made a proposition to Mr. Auld, whom eventually accepted reluctantly. Mr. Douglass was given the privilege of being able to work for extra money during his free time in addition to his obligations to Mr. Auld. Frederick was to take care of his own room and board and pay his master a set amount each week, keeping any extra money for himself (2, 212). Sadly, he forgot to pay Thomas Auld on time and, as a result, Auld was furious and revoked his hiring-out privilege (8, 4). Frederick, enraged, refused to work for a week and during this time he decided that on September 2, 1838, he would be on a train heading to the North (8, 4). A friend gave him â€Å"sailor’s protection†, a document that certified that the person named on it was a free seaman (8, 4). Also, he borrowed money from Anna and bought a ticked to Philadelphia; he was on his way to freedom (8, 4). On September 4, Frederick arrived in Ne w York City and officially left his life of slavery. However, Douglass was not considered completely emancipated by the many slave catchers residing in the North (6). Douglass’s decision to become pro-active and leave Auld was extremely important and served as a colossal turning point in Douglass’s life. â€Å"A new world had opened upon me.† (6) Within this new world, Frederick Bailey became Frederick Douglass (8, 6). He borrowed this name from a character in a book he was reading at the time as an effort to avoid being captured (5). One of the first actions Frederick took with his newfound identity was to subscribe to the Liberator, a newspaper edited by William Lloyd Garrison, a famous outspoken leader of the American Anti- Slavery Society (5). Inspired by Garrison’s paper, Douglass became involved in the abolitionist movement and regularly attended lectures for the AASS (5). He also served as a preacher at the black Zion Methodist Church where Mr. Douglass became involved in a battle against white southerners who forced blacks to move to Africa (8, 6). In 1839, he encountered one of his first experiences as a writer when a collection of his anti-colonization statements was published in the Liberator (8, 6). Although these beginning accomplishments may seem minor, th ey opened the doors to his future greatness. In August 1841, he saw his hero, William Garrison for the first time (8, 7). A few days later, Garrison was attending a speech that Douglass was giving before a small crowd, immediately saw his potential as a speaker and hired him to be an agent for AASS (8, 7). His job entailed talking about his past and selling subscriptions to the Liberator and the Anti-Slavery Standard (8, 7). His first speeches were about his personal encounters with slavery and descriptions of the slave masters’ brutality (5). Pro-slavery propaganda circulated from the South to the North, giving false impressions of what slavery was truly like; Frederick’s experiences were exactly what the people wanted and needed to hear at the time (5). Prior to his recounts of his own life as a slave, many people in the North believed fictitious stories that slaves lived better lives than poor whites and that slaveholders were harassed by mobs led by abolitionists (8, 7). Frederick’s lectures were circul ated throughout Massachusetts and immediately became a success (6). The Herald of Freedom a local newspaper in Concord, Massachusetts declared, â€Å"As a speaker, he has few equals.† (8, 7) After a few months of his local lectures, he became so popular that he was in demand to spread his words throughout the entire New England area. Traveling throughout the northern region made Frederick Douglass evolve as a speaker as well as a writer. In 1842 he was asked to continue his work and voyage throughout Massachusetts and New York with William Lloyd Garrison in addition to other prominent speakers (8, 8). A year later, Douglass decided to participate in the Hundred Conventions project, the AASS six-month lecture tour of speakers traveling to meeting halls throughout the west (8, 8). Although Frederick enjoyed this work thoroughly, he found it very demanding and time consuming. He was forced to live in poor segregated accommodations while traveling and was roughly handled when he refused to sit in the â€Å"Negro† sections of trains and steamships (8, 8). In addition, many of the meetings in the western states were often disrupted by pro-slavery mobs (6). While on tour, Frederick Douglass had reached opposition from many abolitionists who thought his ability as an orator was growing too fast and audiences were no longer sympathetic towards him (8, 8). They felt he should keep talking about his life as a slave rather than the goals of the anti-slavery movement (5). Douglass refused and much of his audience began to believe that his stories were false (5). The Liberator even printed â€Å"How a man, only six years out of bondage and who had never gone to school could speak with such eloquence- with such precision of language and power of thought- they were utterly at a loss to devise.† Despite these hardships, Douglass continued his writing and was sure he found his purpose in life; he was to make everyone aware of the importance of equality and an individual’s civil rights. It was all the animosity towards Frederick Douglass that motivated him to ignore what people thought and persevere with what he felt was right. With this thought in mind, Douglass spent the winter of 1844 to 1845 writing and publishing his life story (6). Despite the risk, he took the chances of using actual names of people and places connected with his years in slavery (8, 8). Wendell Philips, friend and fellow abolitionist leader, suggested that Frederick dispose of the manuscript and warned him that people from the past would attempt to return him to a life of bondage (8, 8). However, Frederick was determined to have his stories printed, despite the possibility of slave catchers pursuing; the world needed to hear his story (8, 8). By May 1845, over 5,000 copies of the Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave were sold (6). The book immediately became a best seller due to its moral force; it was the story of a man’s dignity, courage, independence, and p ath self-discovery. Despite his instantaneous fame, federal laws still gave Thomas Auld the right to seize his property- Frederick Bailey (8, 8). To protect his freedom, Douglass rightly felt the need to leave the United States for some time. During the summer of 1845, Douglass decided to fulfill a dream he had long held, to travel throughout England (5). Even though he was forced to stay in the steerage, second-class, during his trip overseas he was extremely excited to finally go to Britain (8, 9). While on board, he had made many friends and was even asked by the captain to give lectures on slavery (8, 9). When he finally reached Europe, Frederick felt free from prejudice. He was treated as a man, as opposed to a second-class citizen, and was welcomed into homes, hotels, and restaurants (8, 9). Fleeing America during this time not only saved him from slave catchers, the expedition also gave him the opportunity to speak to English audiences and gain their support for the American anti-slavery movement. Douglass wrote Garrison to inform him how he had encountered such little racial prejudices among the British and invited Lloyd to join him in the beautiful nation (8, 9). Garrison accepted and the two men traveled around England as a powerful team of anti-slavery lecturers (5). Both became involved in campaigns against the discrimination of minorities and promoted constitutional rights (8, 9). In August of 1846, Douglass gave the most controversial speech of his career at the World Temperance Convention held in London (1, 65). Within this oration, he attacked the American temperance movement because it failed to criticize slave owners who used alcohol to pacify their workers and because temperance activists were hostile to free blacks (1, 65). Douglass was tremendously satisfied with the outcome of his trip to England and was soon ready to go home. Even though he was ready return to America, recapture still remained a possibility for him if and when he came back. Fortunately, this problem was resolved when unknowingly; two English friends raised enough money to buy his freedom (6). $710.96 was sent to the Auld family and on December 5, 1846; Hugh Auld signed the papers that declared Frederick Bailey a free man (5). In the spring of 1847, Douglass returned to America, where his work remained to free his people in bondage. Frederick Douglass had left the United States, a national success as a writer and lecturer, but returned as a sensation worldwide. Alas, upon his homecoming, many abolitionists felt that Hugh Auld’s payment for Douglass’s freedom supported Auld’s right to own him (8, 10). Douglass argued that his freedom was the gift of friends and that he saw Hugh as his kidnapper, not his master. The ransom had been paid; he could now fight the battle against slavery with a free mind (8, 10). His chains were broken and the opportunity to help others was finally in sight. With additional funds raised by his supporters in Britain, Douglass decided to create a new abolitionist newspaper (1, 80). Garrison was opposed to this idea because he felt the people needed Douglass as a lecturer rather than the creator of another anti-slavery newspaper (8, 10). Due to Frederick’s high regard and respect for Garrison, he took this suggestion in consideration and in August 1847, joined Lloyd on a lecture tour throughout the North (8, 10). Sadly, Garrison became seriously ill and Douglass was forced to continue the tour without him. Upon completion of the tour, he continued with his aspirations of creating the abolitionist paper. Frederick decided to publish it in Rochester New York, further west than the home of the Liberator. On December 3, 1847 his weekly newspaper, the North Star was finally born (1, 80). At first, habitants of Rochester were upset to see another anti-slavery paper, but eventually the city took pride in being the home of the North Star. Unfortunately, the glowing reviews were not equal to the money needed for the production of the paper and Douglass had to depend on his own savings and contributions from friends to keep the paper going (5). He was driven back to the world of lecturing in an attempt to raise efficient funds for the North Star. The cash earned continued the publication of the newspaper as a weekly until 1860 and as a monthly for three more years (5). After 1851, the paper was referred to as Frederick Douglass’s Paper and served as a symbol of the potential for blacks to achieve whatever goals they may set for themselves (1, 82). The newspaper changed its focus from promoting the elimination of slavery to highlighting the success by prominent black figures in American society (1, 82). Frederick Douglass’s Paper had a much more significant personal effect on Frederick himself; the paper marked the end of his dependence on Garrison and other white abolitionists. By the end of the 1840’s, Frederick Douglass was well on his way to becoming the most famous and respected black leader in the country. He had proved himself to be an independent thinker and courageous spokesman for black liberty and equality. Douglass tried to establish a black vocational school by asking many famous people for financial aid, but was unsuccessful because he was unable to raise sufficient funds to start the school (1, 97). Rochester, his hometown, contained public schools that would not admit black students and Frederick was forced to send his eldest daughter to a private school, which promoted segregation (1, 97). The separation motivated Douglass to campaign against segregation in Rochester’s school system, and in 1857 his efforts to integrate the schools succeeded (6). Frederick also became an active partisan in the Underground Railroad as the superintendent of the entire system in his area (8, 12). His home became an important station on the railroa d and a shelter to hundreds of fugitives (7, 12). His participation in the school systems and the Underground Railroad led to the involvement in many other events that would not only affect the present, but the entire future of the country. The next major proceedings that would serve as challenges to Douglass and his followers involved the civil war and the presidency of Abraham Lincoln. Douglass was a crucial supporter of Abraham Lincoln as he was running, and won, the presidency (3, 110). Lincoln’s inaugural speech however, was somewhat disappointing to Frederick. Contained in the address, the President promised to uphold the fugitive slave laws and not interfere with slavery in the states where it was already established (5). Soon after, the Civil War began. For Douglass and the abolitionists, the war had a different and more significant meaning; it was a battle to end slavery (3, 119). They had the two following major goals in mind: emancipation for all slaves in the Confederacy and the Union Border States, and the right for blacks to enlist in the armies of the North (3, 121). As the war went on, more and more people in the North became influenced by Frederick’s speeches and were able to empathize wit h his point of view. He used his words powerfully until, not only the northerners, but the President as well came to agreement with his goals. On December 31, 1862, President Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, a speech that freed all slaves in areas not held by the Union troops (6). Simultaneously, there were many other changes taking place. During this time in history, the black man was still not allowed to defend himself within the military. Douglass began to instill the importance of belonging to the United States army to blacks and promoted their inclusion among the whites. He had gained the support of enough of the population to make an impact. Finally, in 1863, as a result of Frederick Douglass’s actions, Congress had authorized black enlistment in the Union army (8, 15). Frederick was asked to help recruit black soldiers, including his two sons, into the Massachusetts 54th Regime, the first group ever to contain black militia (6). He immediately agreed and began promoting through speeches and newspaper advertisements (5). Frederick promised equality in the Union army, but this soon proved to be false. Blacks were paid half of what the white soldiers earned, received inferior weapons, inadequate training and were not allowed to become officers (8, 15). When he heard of this maltreatment, Douglass immediately ceased his recruitment efforts, but when Lincoln promised changes, he began again. The war continued, a difficult struggle for both those fighting to unite the United States and those battling to end slavery. Finally, both wars had concluded. On April 9, 1865 the war to abolish slavery in all areas of the United States had been won (8, 16). Yet, Douglass still remained dissatisfied. He argued, â€Å"Slavery is not abolished until the black man has the ballot.† (8, 17) A group of radical Republicans joined with the abolitionists in a campaign for voting rights for black men. Frederick did not have the support of president Johnson; instead, the two had opposing views. Johnson intended to support the interest of southern whites and block voting rights for blacks while Douglass felt need for changes in the southern state governments (8, 17). Both leaders took their cases to the American people and Douglass won (8, 17). The result of his long fought battle was the adoption of the fifteenth Amendment, which guaranteed all citizens the right to vote, regardless of their race (5). Instantaneously, the role of the black citizen became a pivoting force throughout the nation. Taking advantage of the new opportunities offered to them, a large number of blacks were elected to the state legislatures and won seats in Congress between 1868 and 1870 (8, 18). Frederick Douglass was also given a high political position as US Marshall in the District of Columbia (5). Everyone appreciated his work, up until his death on February 20, 1895 (6). His bereavement saddened the world; all black public schools closed for the day and parents took their children for a last look at the famed leader (8, 19). His life was spent battling the prejudice he, along with all other minorities, faced because of skin color, sex, or heritage. Although one would like to think Frederick Douglass’s many efforts ended discrimination, this is not the case. The Ku Klux Klan is a perfect example of how bigotry still exists today. The KKK is a secret terrorist organization that originated in the southern states during the period of Reconstruction following the American Civil War (7, 1). The group uses violence and intimidation to keep blacks segregated and to prevent them from voting and holding office (7, 1). The assembly believes in the innate inferiority of blacks and therefore mistrusted and resented the rise of former slaves to a status of civil equality and often to positions of political power (7, 1). Neo-nazism is another bias group that is present in today’s society. The main purpose of this group is to promote the idea of racial superiority by distributing propaganda and seeking support for their cause (4, 1). As minorities start to come in to their own, the amount of paranoia grows regarding the idea that the position of the white person is threatened (4, 1). White Supremacist organizations are found in the United States as well as abroad. Although racism still existed after Frederick Douglass’s death, he was extremely successful in giving blacks more freedom in America than they had ever possessed. Frederick Douglass’s beliefs have had a profound impact on the history, as well as the present, civil liberties for all. He promoted of the addition of the fourteenth and fifteenth Amendments to the Constitution. Within these ratifications, slavery was abolished and blacks were given the right to vote and the opportunity to enlist in the army. Frederick’s speeches gave hope and faith to many blacks not only within the country, but worldwide. He served as a prime example of an individual who climbed the social ladder from the very bottom, to the peak. Through his words and actions, he was able to influence future leaders, such as Martin Luther King Jr., Jesse Jackson, and Booker T. Washington, to fight for equality. Most importantly, Frederick Douglass made the black population worth more than just three fifths of a person. You can order a custom essay, term paper, research paper, thesis or dissertation on Frederick Douglass from our professional custom essay writing service which provides high-quality custom written papers at an affordable cost.

Types of Ignorance

Types of Ignorance Types of Ignorance Types of Ignorance By Maeve Maddox As a teacher, I am always pained when I hear ignorant used as an insult. ignorance: n. lack of knowledge Everyone is born ignorant into the world. The word ignorance is from Latin ignorantia. The prefix in means not; Old Latin gnarus means aware, acquainted with. Mere ignorance is nothing to be ashamed of. Ignorant is not a synonym for stupid. Catholic theology recognizes three categories of ignorance: invincible ignorance: lack of knowledge that a person has no way to obtain vincible ignorance: lack of knowledge that a rational person is capable of acquiring by making an effort nescience: lack of knowledge that doesnt matter in the circumstances (from Latin ne-, not plus scire, to know. In Catholic theology, invincible ignorance, whether of the law or the fact, is always a valid excuse and excludes sin. In the secular realm, however, all ignorance is seen as vincible. For logicians, the term â€Å"invincible ignorance† means â€Å"the fallacy of insisting on the legitimacy of one’s position in the face of contradictory facts.† If the facts are presented, theres no excuse to refuse to acknowledge them. The law likewise does not allow for a category of information unavailable to the lawbreaker that would forgive the breach of the law: ignorantia juris non excusat, â€Å"ignorance of the law does not excuse.† Heres a lengthier definition of the secular take on invincible ignorance from Wikipedia: invincible ignorance: a deductive Fallacy of Circularity where the person in question simply refuses to believe the argument, ignoring any evidence given. Its not so much a fallacious tactic in argument as it is a refusal to argue in the proper sense of the word, the method instead being to make assertions with no consideration of objections. Fitness expert Greg Glassman has this recommendation for dealing with invincible ignorance: some simply cannot be swayed toward your way of thinking, so don’t try. †¦you’re probably best to walk away from a pointless debate. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Writing Prompts 10155 Boxing Idioms20 Ways to Laugh

Counterfeiting and Pricing in China and UK Dissertation

Counterfeiting and Pricing in China and UK - Dissertation Example 2.5 Consumer Behavior: 12 2.5.1 Psychological Influences: 12 2.5.2 Personality: 13 2.5.3 The important of uniqueness in genuine market: 13 2.5.4 Gender and Self-image: 14 2.5.5 Attitudes towards fake and genuine products: 14 2.6 Conceptual Framework: 15 2.7 Conclusion: 15 Chapter-3: Research Methodology 16 3.1 Introduction: 16 3.2 Research Value: 16 3.3 Research Methods: 16 3.4 Sampling Methods: 17 3.5 Ethics: 17 3.6 Analysis – limitations: 17 Chapter 4- Findings: 18 4.1 Introduction: 18 4.2 Findings: Primary Research 18 Research Question 1 18 Research Question 2 19 Research Question 3 21 Chapter 5- Discussion and Conclusions: 23 5.1 Introduction: 23 5.2 Overall Summary: 23 5.2.1 Conceptual Framework: 24 5.3 Recommendations for Future Work 24 5.5 Recommendations for Luxury Brands/Shops: 25 List of References 26 Appendix: Survey Questionnaire 29 Chapter 1- Introduction: 1.1 Chapter Summary: This chapter gives introduction of the research conducted for counterfeit products in Ch ina and UK. Background of this research is given in this chapter including the research questions that will be discussed in this research. Research aim and presentation is also given in this chapter for the better understanding of the research. 1.2 Background: The form of consumer fraud is product counterfeiting in which product is sold claiming to be a product that it is not. This is different from violation of copyright as it is based on organized group of activity so that maximum profit is achieved (UNODC 2010). The lack of regulatory capacity makes manufacturing of unauthorized products possible and products that are high in demand made on similar design and branded in a way that make them distinguished from original product. The counterfeit products sell in the parallel markets or... This essay discusses that the form of consumer fraud is product counterfeiting in which product is sold claiming to be a product that it is not. This is different from violation of copyright as it is based on organized group of activity so that maximum profit is achieved. The lack of regulatory capacity makes manufacturing of unauthorized products possible and products that are high in demand made on similar design and branded in a way that make them distinguished from original product. The counterfeit products sell in the parallel markets or introduced in authorized supply chain. These products make extreme profits because of no overheads of licit products and this is the reason that these products are very price competitive. Because of this competitive edge, counterfeit products are common than original products in some part of the world. Counterfeit products in UK causing lower profits, lost sales, and brand trust affect legitimate businesses. The government of UK is also affected because it sees lower tax revenues and high spending on health services, welfare, and prevention of crime. The companies in UK are cutting jobs and reducing their investment leading lower economic growth due to counterfeiting. This study is conducted to determine factors affecting buying behavior of consumer when buying counterfeit products and luxury brands. The study also examines the effect of counterfeiting and piracy on the people living in UK.

Revelation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Revelation - Essay Example These mysteries although have been revealed by God in the bible, but still the human mind is too small to penetrate the truth inside it. These scriptures have not yet fully understood, as they consist of things which are beyond the ordinary work of the environment. Revelation is considered God’s direct words for mankind, through the Bible. Although it was prophesized by his chosen prophet, but this does not decrease the essence of revelation, it is God’s direct speech. Revelation according to Christian’s faith is â€Å"the truth which has come down from heaven†. God wanted to show His believers, His almighty power. He wants to reveal to the mankind the scripture of the thing which man himself may not be able to discover. The bible itself says that God wanted to show us things that are distinguished from all what we have discovered yet. It says: The inspiration was bestowed by God on His Chosen One, to writes all what God wants the world to know. God illuminated the mind of the writer and showed him all the events which will be occurring and are important for the believers to know. All these revelations given by God, was written down and is present in the Bible as its last book. Revelation the last book of the Holy Bible was written down by John the Apostle. He wrote the book in the last years of his life. God showed him vision, the vision of the spiritual world. God revealed the scriptures of the heaven to him. In the Book of revelation he wrote everything God illustrated him and the secrets of the mighty world that were exposed to him. Christianity is a one of the major religions of the world. It does not need the support of the theologians to study the God himself, but there is a need of the theologian to study the complicated scriptures revealed by God. God wants us to known the hidden meaning of the scripture. It is said in the bible, â€Å"the Lord is with you when you are with him. If you seek Him, He will be found

Ethics Choice in the Workplace Essay Example for Free

Ethics Choice in the Workplace Essay Ethics and corporate social responsibility (CSR) becomes one of key point to evaluation business value. â€Å"In today’s highly interconnected, global, and transparent world, corporations are finding that social responsibility is essential to fundamental business strategy† (Trevino Nelson, 2010, page 332). The main purpose of this paper is to offer readers an overview and concept about the role of ethics and social responsibility in food industry. Besides that, some ethical problems of organizations, stakeholder perspective on the firm and some recommendations are listed. Ethics Choice in the Workplace Regarding to corporate ethics and CSR are exposed, both consumers and governments are focusing their attention on corporate social responsibility practices (Maloni Brown, 2006). Ferrell, Geoffrey Ferrell (2011, p.38) stated, â€Å"business ethics as the principles and standards that determine acceptable conduct in business organizations†. The behavior of acceptability is confirmed by many stakeholders of organizations such as customers, suppliers, employees, government regulators, owners as well as community. Ethics and social responsibilities are influent to business strategy and setting in recently. White (2012) claimed social responsibilities manage on decision making from top level to bottom line of firms. Ethics and Social Responsibilities are being evaluated as a key successful factor to measure organization outcomes. Ethics Issues in Business In order to identify certain situations that affected by various environmental and individual factors as ethical or unethical decision (Bommer, Gravander Tuttle,1987). The identification is impacted by bias, principles, concepts and definitions of social group or community. These standards are different from geographies, races, languages, time, etc. According to Ferell et all, 2011, ethics is related to organizations’ culture, financial status and business objective. Plenty of ethical issues in business can be classified into their relative behavior as abusive and intimidating behavior, conflicts of interest, fairness and honesty, communications, and business associations. Abusive and Intimidating Behavior Actions in working environment caused other people physical threats, being annoying, harshness, or even though bypassing some individual opinions. Abusive can be considered as a distraction or disruption of the workplace (Ferell et all, 2011). Intensity of voice, situation of speaking and used words are factors to be determined to abusive or un-abusive. Conflicts of interest This kind of conflicts occurs quite frequently in reality. For instance, managers could make decisions either to reinforce their power or enhance benefit to shareholders. A CEO will keep confidential a bad financial status to board of director sometimes. The conflict is often among employees because they use the same resources. Un-transparency of gifts may effect to outcome decisions to be an illegal or un-ethical behavior. Fairness and Honesty Fairness and honesty is the most important of business ethics and create general values of decision makers (Ferell et all, 2011). For instance, some newspapers claimed there are some exceed ingredients in power milk caused harmfulness to children health 2 years ago. In addition, Microsoft window software is still being cracked very popularly in China and Vietnam in particular even though people knew these products are protected by copyright law. Communications Communication is one of effective tools to bring product ideas and images to consumers. However, some organizations transferred to community incorrect information about their products. Under-weight or over-weight harmful of ingredients, food safety and hygiene are the most of improper announcement in advertising and labels. Furthermore, there is lack of information to compare differences or similarities between products (Ferell et all, 2011). For example, many people does not know how differentiated among Uniliver’s detergents: OMO, Viso, and Suff. Business Relations This ethical behavior is relevant to business relations to customers, suppliers, bosses vs. their staff and others in their workplace that create to ethical concerns. Managers take advantages on legitimate and authority roles to supervise their staff. Sometime they play Lording games to reinforce their power (Mintzberg, 1985). In reality, commission and gifts are used very popularly on Sales and Marketing. In Vietnam, gifts are considered as traditional requirement on national holidays. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Corporate Social Responsibility â€Å"means that organizations should take responsibility for their impact on society and the environment† (Castka Balzarova, 2007, p.297). Every organization should build and adopt their owned CSR plans. There are four dimensions or four faces of social responsibility: economic, legal, ethical, and philanthropic (which sometimes call voluntary, altruistic or humanitarian) (Ferell et all, 2011) and (Geoffrey, 2001). Economic Responsibilities. Business organizations are groups to conduct goods or service to satisfy consumers as well as create jobs for community (Geoffrey, 2001). Firms should pay fair to workers, look for new resources, technical innovation and celebrate a friendly and fairly working environment. Therefore, economic responsibility â€Å"is to be profitable for principles by delivering a good quality product at a fair price is due to customers† (Geoffrey, 2001, p. 3). Novak (1996, p. 139-145) defined seven economic responsibilities. There are to (1) satisfy customers with goods and services of real value, (2) make a reasonable return on the funds entrusted to the business corporation by its investors, (3) create new wealth which reduce poorness as their wages rises, (4) create new jobs to enhance worker incomes, (5) defeat envy by generating people values and creations that can improve their conditions, (6) promote ingenuity and invention, (7) diversify the interest s of the republic. Legal responsibi lities. Legal behavior is obeying the law by playing rules and policies of the game. The business laws are passed by the society and community. The laws tell organizations what should or should not be done. However, the laws often provide a minimum level or a floor of moral that â€Å"might be followed involuntarily out of fear of punishment rather than voluntarily out of internal moral conviction† (Geoffrey, 2001, p. 4). Ethical responsibilities. Ethical duties overcome limitations of legal responsibilities. They include moral, doing what is right, just, fair and avoiding harm to society and community even if preventing harm caused by others (Smith Quelch, 1993). This behavior shows how wealth the organization affects non-economic aspects of society, such as benefit to employees, how closely working environment is, as well as natural environment. Altruistic responsibilities This kind of responsibilities display in the forms of voluntary service, association and giving, offer over of legal of society floor principles. Over the half of century, business increasingly has been judged not only by its economic and its ethical performance, but also by its social contributions (Geoffrey, 2001). Conclusion By understanding deeply Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility, businesses can adopt not only get higher profit or outcomes but also be interested to society, community and natural environment. For the time being, we can expect to hear more about social responsibility and much of what of our companies do to give a hand to build our society around us.

Adam Smith’s The Wealth of Nations - The Natural Order is Driven by Man

Adam Smith’s The Wealth of Nations - The Natural Order is Driven by Man’s Self-interest Adam Smith’s The Wealth of Nations argues for a system of political economy that separates economy – the creation and distribution of wealth – from governmental interference. In Smith’s view, the economy of a nation grows as a direct consequence of private business ventures in the interest of each individual owner. Regulation by the government hurts the economy, and the progress of society is derived from the flow of the market. Things should be left in their natural states, thus maintaining a â€Å"natural order† of society. The basis of Smith’s thesis is that this natural order is driven by Man’s self-interest. Smith presents the first and arguably most important aspect of social organization based upon self-interest as the division of labor. He asserts that the division of labor occurs naturally in society as â€Å"the consequence of a certain propensity in human nature †¦ the propensity to truck, barter, and exchange one thing for another† (21). This propensity arises from man’s â€Å"almost constant occasion for the help of his brethren,† (21) an idea illustrated by the fact that in both Smith’s and modern times, the number of truly self-sufficient individuals are few. This â€Å"trucking disposition gives occasion to the division of labor,† and Smith makes the example of a hunter who, in trading arrows with others, can acquire whatever he needs and will be encouraged to â€Å"apply himself to a particular occupation, and to cultivate and bring to perfection whatever talent †¦ he may possess for that †¦ business† (23). At this point, Smith is making an assumption: that men will always choose to do something that will provide them with more over some... ...der a man who donates to a charity. On the one hand, economically he gains nothing from this action, and this action does not contribute to his private opulence, defined by Smith as â€Å"originally derived †¦ [from] the uniform, constant and uninterrupted effort of every man to better his condition† (205). On the other hand, a more cynical individual might say that the giver gains some kind of metaphysical or subjective return from this action that contributes to his self-interest. Smith seems to have little faith in the natural goodness of Man, writing â€Å"it is in vain for [one man] to expect [help] from [other men’s] benevolence only† (22). This pessimistic viewpoint Smith holds might explain what leads him to see self-interest as the primary factor in the actions of humanity. Bibliography: Smith, Adam. The Wealth of Nations. Amherst: Prometheus Books, 1991 (1776)

Mahatma Gandhis Influence on the Civil Rights Movement of the United States Essay

Mahatma Gandhi’s Influence on the Civil Rights Movement of the United States Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The influence of Mahatma Gandhi relating to peace movement was experienced as early as in 1920’s. His long-lasting dedication and support of passive resistance finally led to Indian gaining full independence in 1948. Gandhi fought for the Indians’ rights in South Africa in his stay there. He fought to ensure that immigrant Indians who shaped an image of African blacks in United States enjoyed equal rights during civil rights movement. The similarity had a weighty impact on the blacks’ interests in following what Gandhi showed them in Gandhi back in south Africa, a struggle which is non violent, with an aim of extending the same to America. The United States citizens and particularly African Americans have been receiving constant flow of information concerning the Indian struggle of freedom which was led by Mahatma Gandhi. Murial Lester who was Gandhi’s friend toured America during 1930’s delivering speech es concerning non violent undertakings of Mahatma Gandhi.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The struggle for independence by Indians got many supporters and sympathizers, inside as well as outside peace movement. The undertakings of the struggle which was non violent between 1930-1933 all- India operations were being reported by united state’s newspapers by man journalists for example Webb Miller and Negley Farson. Progressives and liberals of different kinds were inspired by the struggles which were successful against imperialism and colonialism. When Gandhi was undertaking his non violent resistance concept he was inspired by advice from Henry David Thoreau’s relating to resisting things which were not right.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Thoreau gave an advice that people could defy immoral an immoral action by government by not cooperating. Mahatma Gandhi implemented many thoughts from Thoreau in developing his concept of Truth force or satyagraha (non cooperation)4. One of the most critical and tangible effects that India has had on life in America was the influence of mahatma Gandhi on Luther King who was a leader of the civil rights, who implemented the Gandhi’s thought of civil disobedience to the united states’ civil rights movement.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Luther king at all times paid tribute to Mahatma Gandhi to be one of the most significant sources of his own values. Luther king in 1959 he made a pilgrimage to India. Martin Luther king who was a Baptist minister received much of his philosophy relating to resisting evil nonviolently from the holy Bible, from the king’s undertaking of the Jesus teachings and also from particular pacifist threads in the traditions of the Christians. Nevertheless, Luther king was highly inspired by particular non- Christian ideologies.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Perhaps the most significant of these ideologies was nonviolence philosophy which was practiced by Mahatma Gandhi who was a spiritual leader who led India’s independence movement in first half of the twentieth century. Gandhi’s philosophy of non violence was not completely non-Christian since it was informed by both extensive studying of other moral and religious traditions including Christianity and also from his Hindu background.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Also Gandhi was mentored by count Leo Tolstoy, who was a famous novelist of Russian origin who supported and adopted â€Å"back -to -basics’’ pacifist version of Christianity which was radical and was based on the factual understanding of Sermon on the Mount. Throughout history many individuals have resisted using violence and have refrained participating in war. Pacifism means deciding to be ineffectual and even resisting from participating in the righteous fights. Many good individuals have deemed it necessary to balance between being warlike and too violent versus being defenseless and too passive. Greatest contribution of Mahatma Gandhi to the history and the ground his was such a great influence to Luther King was calling into question this apparent truism that becoming nonviolent means becoming passive.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Gandhi used most of his adult life experimenting with nonviolent methods purposed to be effective in the real life and also morally admirable. His argument was always prevailing  over evil, resisting against injustice, standing up for oneself, living with integrity and dignity, etc. never necessitates willingness of using violence. In this regard Gandhi argued that there are many other strategies that can be used instead of violence. Martin Luther king from a tender was convinced that some things in this world are morally unacceptable. The intense racial discrimination of the Black Americans which king experienced was one example however war and poverty among other issues were very significant to him.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   He perceived that these vices were morally wrong and were supposed to be opposed and curbed with all the intelligence, courage and strength by all individuals. King was very committed to Christian values and he felt obliged to even love his enemies, not to kill any one and also not to wish ill to anyone. King was faced with a dilemma, a similar dilemma that individuals of conscience have faced always. After discovering Gandhi, Luther king was able to get out of the dilemma.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This is because king was able to realize that it is possible to struggle for the rights of the Black people non violently without using bombs and guns or with propaganda and lies, but with truth and love. Under king’s leadership the civil rights movement was referred to be non violent and non passive. Luther king had always heard regarding Gandhi as a great player in the world scene from his early life however he did not notice Gandhi in a deeper way the time he attended crozer Theological seminary from 1948 to 1951. He was particularly inspired to know more about Gandhi in 1950 after he attended a talk which was delivered by, president of Howard University, Dr. Mordecai Johnson.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Johnson had returned from India where he had visited and he had a lot to say concerning the nonviolent direct action by Gandhi. King took an action where he bought several books narrating about Gandhi and engaging himself in the mission of comprehending all he could relating to the Indian leader and also his philosophy. King had believed that ‘love your enemies’ philosophy and ‘The turn the other cheek’ philosophy were only valid when people were in a disagreement with other people; when racial groups and states were in conflict, a more realistic approach deemed necessary.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As a result it was starting in 1955 when Luther king became actively engaged in planning and executing strategies to struggle against racial discrimination which is experienced in America at the time he decided absolutely to adopt the nonviolent direct action methods by Gandhi. Over many years king was influenced further by other important figures in civil rights movement who admired Gandhi and proponents of nonviolence for instance Bayard Rustin.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   King followed Johnson’s footsteps by making his own pilgrimage to India in 1959.In this visit king was able to meet Gandhi’s family members and also with Jawaharlal Nehru who was the prime minister. Jawaharlal Nehru for decades had been a significant all of Gandhi in the fight for Indian independence. Andrew Young who worked in civil rights movement together with Luther king when he was asked concerning the visit to India in 1959 he mentioned of how king constantly concerning this trip and also talked regarding how Gandhi had influenced his life. He was able to learn more about the meaning of heritage which he had grown up in and also spoke about that.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   He also clarified that – the March on Washington- the entire civil rights movement was a reflection and effort on their part to replicate salt march to the sea by Gandhi. Andrew Young also said that their methods and teachings that they used were all derived from the spirit and life of Mohandas Gandhi. Had Mahatma Gandhi not lived maybe Luther king would have become the leader of the American civil rights movement and also maybe he would have found other ways of embracing the Christian peace and love and also still be successful in resisting against injustice and evil.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   However, it is evident that the civil rights movement and Martin Luther King would have been very different in absence of the influence of Mahatma Gandhi who was an Indian spiritual leader. After a journey to India which took him a month he returned to America where he rededicated himself to peaceful struggle without using violence for justice to which mahatma Gandhi gave his life to as India’s independence movement leader. King continued adopting Gandhi’s commitments and the Indians passionately adopted king’s campaigns since they both shared common strategies, common struggles and common values.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Although Gandhi and king lives were cut short as a result of violence up to date their values have much to teach the world relating to divisiveness, war, discrimination and terrorism. Most Americans know very little concerning Hinduism and only several of them imagine that Hinduism values had any influence concerning development of the American society. However, the little they know relating to Hinduism is probably gotten from their knowledge concerning Mahatma Gandhi. Several Americans understand that Gandhi life’s work and teachings had a tremendous effect on development of the American society all through the civil Rights movement.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Mahatma Gandhi brought a valuable gift of social justice, of non-violence and of the community service. Gandhi’s life acted as an example and this light illuminates the globe and which saved mankind from our own inhumanity to one another. The torch was handled by numerous hands. Such people included Dr. Benjamin Elijah Mays who was the Morehouse college principal, who had just returned from India being one of the increasing numbers of the African-American disciples of Gandhi. When Luther king joined Morehouse aged 15 years old, Dr. Mays emerged to be one of the huge influences in his life. Therefore, in this regard a torch was passed on.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Dr. King and coretta scott king in February 1959 spent one month in India where they studied Gandhi’s march nonviolence techniques as guests of Jawaharlal Nehru, who was a prime minister in India. The effect of the teachings of Gandhi’s teachings and illustration on the life of Dr. Kings was considerable and he carried with him to USA the Gandhi’s message.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Luther king once narrated a story Ebenezer Baptist church congregation in Atlanta concerning his visit to India. In February 2000, Mohan Gundhi arrived at Emory University as a resident fellow, Rev Andrew Young and Bishop Tutu took part in public discussion with him where they discussed concerning violence and Religion in southern states of America. Between January to April in 2000 was pronounced ‘A season for Non- violence,’ which was a public awareness campaign that was led by a group of eight kingandhian non violent fellowships and reconciliation across the nation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The climax of the season took part over spiritual Awareness Week in between March-April in 2000 with fantastic ceremony dedicating honorary degrees posthumously for spiritual leader Gandhi and also his wife at Morehouse College, which is one of the most popular Black colleges in America. Gandhi institute for reconciliation was established at this occasion where massive plague containing the wordsâ€Å" I have a dream’’, Dr. kings jr’s historical speech. The reason why Gandhi was being honored and valued in a nation which is very far from his home country even 50 years following his departure was due to the clout that Gandhi had on civil rights movement and African Americans during 1950’s to 1960’s.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The leader of the American civil rights movement, martin Luther king junior who was later awarded the Nobel peace Prize was greatly influenced by the ideologies of Gandhi and he also advocated the same as a leader of the civil rights movement. The outcomes of the American civil rights movement using the ideologies of Gandhi are evident even today where African Americans are treated equally as the white Americans. There was severe racial discrimination on the Blacks and in South Africa there was an instance where an educated lawyer who was well dressed was harshly thrown out of the train’s first class cabin back in South Africa.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A similar occurrence Montgomery Bus accident in 1955 led to a revolution and his experiments with the genuineness shall be important in leading the civil rights movement. Inspired by Ruskin and Thoreau, Gandhi’s experiments have developed both in size and shape and spread via his printing press in Durban and were successfully adopted in India, south Africa and finally it reached to the Negros. This was an instantaneous event that occurred over a long period of time. Influence of Mahatma Gandhi on peace movement was experienced in early 1920’s.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   John Holmes who was Unitarian minister and a popular debater who was very influential in forming NAACP(National Association for Advancement of colored people) laid down his finding of mahatma Gandhi in a sermon which was titled â€Å"The Christ of Today’’ that was circulated widely. In 1922 he gave another sermon which was titled â€Å"who is the greatest Man in World Today’’ where his description of Gandhi astonished many listeners where most of the listeners had not heard the name Gandhi before. Holmes also published â€Å"My Gandhi’’ in 1953 which was also one of his works where he described his interactions and meetings with Gandhi.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Mahatma Gandhi’s autobiography was initially published in United States in magazine unity which John Holmes was the editor. Dandi March spearheaded by Mahatma Gandhi which was a 200 mile walk to Dandi from porbandar has gained popularity and international media coverage where it served also as an inspiration source to many idealists. Inside Asia by John Gunther was widely read in United States where it gave sympathetic portraits of Nehru and Gandhi during this March heightening the significance in Indian independence movement.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Before this Gandhi attracted the world attention as he spearheaded the first successful satyagraha which was a Sanskrit word meaning firmness for the truth cause which was finalized by the south Africa’s liberation from the Apartheid reign. The movement which was undertaken simultaneously in South Africa although not fully active got constant source of inspiration from Gandhi’s ideology of active resistance which was based on the principles of non violence. In America the blacks were not fully aware of Gandhi’s initiatives until the emergence of martin Luther king who became their leader. However there was a constant flow of information which assisted in sparking the civil rights movement at times however not on large scale.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Only a small number of the colored individuals mostly educated class and included a minority of blacks who were fully aware of non violent struggle occurring in South Africa in late nineteenth century and early twentieth century in India.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Gandhi’s efforts and ideologies also influenced the religious leaders who also were social idealists where they learnt on applying religious insights to both political and social challenges. They were highly inspired by his battle against untouchability and caste.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   While Holmes remained to be the leading populariser of the Gandhi’s ideologies in united states also there were also Stanley jones who was a Methodist missionary who highly influenced by his personal familiarity in India; and also Kirby page who was a key figure in peace movement for many decades.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   African American started attending conferences in paris and England on coloured peoples congresses and pan-African where Gandhi’s followers expressed the illogicality of the ordinary plight of â€Å"black and brown races’’. Among the participants from the United States was Du Bois whose association as also that of Marcus Garvey who was All-African leader with expatriate Indian nationalists resulted to a stable stream of them going aboard on lecture tours of United States and conference. There were some whites apart from African Americans who promoted the campaign of equal rights to all the American citizens. These whites were very active in supporting the African Americans where they attended the conferences which were held by Gandhi’s followers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In mid 1920’s they were joined by popular dignitaries such as Rev CF Andrews and also Mirabai who were who close English emissaries, joined by Gertrude Emerson an American journalist Activist who were sent abroad later by Mahatma Gandhi to correct deceptive polemics by British regarding the universality and motivation of the campaign he had spearheaded in India. Other many delegates of the Indian national congress also followed. Popular Negros ministers involved in peace movement were Howard Thurman and Benjamin Mays held interviews with Mahatma Gandhi and he commented to Howard that it may be via the Negros that the pure message of non violence will be delivered around the world.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Reinhold Niebuhr was another significant character to be dealt with and in his book â€Å"moral man and immoral society’’ he said that Mahatma Gandhi’s non violent technique could be of great importance to a minority group which is being oppressed such as the blacks in America3. Reinhold also added that non violent resistance although it is not an absolute solution for Black Americans, but if it is used in the Gandhi’s manner then this could result to justice which is unattainable through moral persuasion.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   However it was until 1950’s when this Gandhi’s ideology was implemented in civil rights movement. Therefore each important step in the Gandhi’s struggle including his fasting, successful satyagrahas like the salt march, imprisonment, together with his powerful personal messages to the American Negroes were printed and distributed across the leading Black magazines and papers and also the independent church newsletters.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Specifically the most popular among them were crisis which was edited by Du Bois since 1910 together with Harlem Renaissance, the National council of churches, Atlanta Daily World, Christian century, The Chicago Defender, unity, Baltimore Afro-American, the American Negro Labor Council and the Norfolk Guide intensified Gandhi’s coverage in 1920’s and also 1930’s and also featured articles from the growing traffic between. American south and Gandhi’s India beginning with the opening African- American delegation, in order to meet Mahatma Gandhi in 1936.Black America joined in celebrations of India’s independence with a delegation which was led by Benjamin Mays and Mordecai Johnson leaving for New Delhi. Many writers had been greatly influenced by Mahatma Gandhi and also their writings had a significant impact beyond the peace movement. Such writers included Chester Bowles, Louis Fischer, Edmond Taylor, Vinc ent Sheean, Pearl Buck, Herrymon Maurer, Frances And John Gunther.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Gandhi had a great influence on martin lather king who was the leader of American civil rights movement thus this movement was operated and based on the Gandhi’s ideas and principles which had a lot of influence on many people even in America. This is because king who was the leader of the American movement of civil rights in the United States embraced Gandhi’s methodology and philosophy in struggling for justice. He became a great follower and an avid preacher of Gandhian principles.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   King believed strongly that the moral justice can be acquired in the rightful approach through taking the method of non- violence. Concurrently, Luther king’s interest in Mahatma Gandhi and his principles increased. In universities and colleges there has been a constant interest in Mahatma Gandhi on part of those personalities who are interested in social justice and peace. New course which deals absolutely on Gandhian principles have started being introduced in the universities.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The success of the tested Gandhian approaches in the struggle for Indian freedom and similarities between the African American movement of civil rights and Indian freedom  struggle has influenced both followers and leaders to adopt the ideologies of Gandhi in their struggle for equality. Martin Luther king was attracted to Gandhi due to the fact that he the first individual to use Jesus’ love ethics beyond personal level and also for using love ethic as a tool of effecting social change in large scale.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   With many young nonviolent activists eventually king, jr mobilized non violent human barricades, mass movement, marches, civil disobedience, undertaking satyagraha-style sit-ins systematically, non cooperation pickets and strikes, spiced by use of passionate speeches while risking police beating and arrests from Montgomery to Birmingham, Atlanta to Albany and the popular Selma march on Washington D.C or else at other civil rights campaigns sites across united states using his popular phrase â€Å" I have a dream†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ King also spoke out also against the dangerous and distracting American participation in Vietnam War. However, it worth noting that king did not implement all methods that were preached by Gandhi. For example, he resisted using the idea of taking over the private property and refusing to pay taxes and he contemplated however he never adopted fasting. In spite of these discrepancies, king implemented Gandhiâ €™s overall non-violent resistance philosophy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In 2001 Martin Luther king was influenced by Gandhi’s approaches in becoming the civil  rights movement leader and is forever the Africans American’s hero. Coretta scott at National civil rights museum based in Tennessee said Gandhi’s example and teachings provided a strong influence on king’s leadership. Indian ambassador in USA, Latin man singh at the same event said that king and Gandhi joined America and India together through bonds of shared struggle and suffering.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The influence of Mahatma Gandhi on civil rights movement which occurred thousand miles away from India or England, where he got his education or in South Africa where Gandhi experimented with new principles had been very deep. It is evident that Mahatma Gandhi was invisible force of civil rights movement in United States4. King Jr was not only the leader who adopted ideologies of Gandhi into the fight for equality by African Americans there were many others like the followers of Gandhi from India who played a great role in giving the non- violent protest the shape as early as in the twentieth century. After the king’s arrival the civil rights movement in United States has strict adherence to the Gandhi’s principles like satyagraha and non violent protests. 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